faqs / green & social bonds

frequently asked questions

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green, social & sustainability bonds

What are green and social bonds?

Green, social and sustainability bonds are no different than traditional bonds in terms of their structure and sale, but labeled bonds may only be used for eligible activities. They offer additional elements of transparency and often include an external review which attests to the environmental and/or social benefits of the funded activities, and conformance with ICMA’s Principles or CBI’s Climate Bonds Standard.

What can green bonds be used for?

Bonds that finance activities in the following sectors may be eligible for green bonds designation:

  • Water Infrastructure
  • Renewable Energy
  • Low Carbon Buildings
  • Energy Efficiency
  • Electrification
  • Transportation
  • Pollution Prevention and Control
  • Biofuels
  • Agriculture and Forestry
  • Fisheries
  • Climate Change Adaptation or Mitigation
  • Green Products and Technologies

Why do public agencies choose green, social or sustainability bonds?

Public agencies have many motivations for using green, social or sustainability bonds.

  • Bring more investors to the table. Labeled bonds attract investors who are focused on sustainability attributes.
  • Communicate goals and directives related to sustainability or social equity and explain how these are advanced with bond-financed activities.
  • Increase transparency and accountability to the public, investors, and ratings agencies about the important work your organization is doing.
  • Green and social bonds are in high demand, are often over-subscribed, and may trade better in the secondary market.

How are green, social and sustainability bonds different than traditional bonds?

Green, social and sustainability bonds are no different than traditional bonds in terms of their structure and sale, but labeled bonds may only be used for eligible activities. They offer additional elements of transparency and often include an independent external review which attests to the environmental and/or social benefits of the funded activities, and conformance with various standards.

What is a sustainability bond?

A sustainability bond finances or refinances activities that provide both environmental and social benefits. The ICMA’s Sustainability Bond Guidelines outline the criteria and intention for the sustainability bond label.

What can social bonds be used for?

The focus of a social bond should be on providing a benefit to a target population, which in some cases can be defined as the general public. Eligible activities in these sectors often qualify:

  • Affordable Housing
  • Education
  • Healthcare
  • Food Security
  • Essential Services
  • Others

Isn’t every municipal bond green or social?

No. While municipal bonds are generally focused on providing a public benefit, not every muni bond has a clear environmental or social benefit, or meets the ICMA standards. Bonds often have mixed uses of proceeds. Not all activities are green. Investors, wary of “greenwashing” or “impact washing,” look for a qualified Second Party Opinion to provide additional assurance.

What types of financing can be labeled as green, social or sustainability bonds?

  • Use of Proceeds Bonds
  • Use of Proceeds Revenue Bonds
  • Project Bonds
  • Securitized Bonds
  • Other Debt Instruments
  • Refunding Bonds
  • Bond Anticipation Notes
  • Private Placements
  • Environmental or Social Impact Bonds
  • Loans
  • Sovereign Debt
  • Bonds Sukuk

external reviews

Second Party Opinion vs. Climate Bond Verifier’s Report

An independent, external review on green, social or sustainability bonds or loans is called a Second Party Opinion. It explains how the bond meets the ICMA’s Green Bond Principles or Social Bond Principles.

The external review on a Certified Climate Bond is called a Verifier’s Report. It explains how the bond meets the Climate Bonds Standard. Not every green bond can qualify as a Climate Bond. CBI does not have criteria for every sector.

How a Second Party Opinion Increases Transparency

The purpose of a Second Party Opinion is to clearly identify and sometimes quantify the environmental or social benefits of the bond-financed activities, in order to give investors a higher degree of confidence that these benefits are in fact real. The external review also confirms that the bond conforms with internationally accepted standards. “Greenwashing” or “social washing” occurs when environmental or social benefits are claimed inappropriately.

Sustainability attributes often have the added benefit of mitigating certain risks. Where appropriate, Kestrel includes discussion of resilience features and risk mitigants in the Second Party Opinion.

With our deep background in consulting to state and local governments, and diverse experience with infrastructure and capital projects, the Kestrel team adds value on every transaction.

certified climate bonds

How does the Climate Bonds verification process work?

There are two stages of Climate Bonds verification:

Pre-issuance: Kestrel analysts conduct an external review in accordance with CBI standards. Our work is presented in a Verifier’s Report which is reviewed by the client for accuracy. Kestrel acts as the liaison with CBI staff to facilitate Certification of the bonds by the Climate Bonds Standard Board.

Post-issuance: Kestrel will verify the use of proceeds and prepare the first annual report, within 24 months of issuance. We work with the issuer to establish an efficient and manageable reporting process.

benefits of green and social bonds with a second party opinion from kestrel

Why designate green/social/sustainability bonds?

  • Increase Demand. Labelled bonds can attract new investors with various investment strategies such as Green Bond funds, Transition Risk, or Impact Investing.
  • Diversify Investors. Expand the pool of potential buyers beyond the traditional municipal bond investors. Many EU asset owners have sustainable investing mandates. Green Bonds are considered sustainable investments, and Second Party Opinions facilitate compliance. Asset managers can buy these and comply with sustainable investing mandates.
  • Enhance Liquidity through Green Bond Indexes. Green bonds >$300M with certain characteristics are eligible for listing in various indexes. Indexes enhance liquidity because they bring the bonds to the attention of a broader range of investors, especially those tracking or benchmarking their portfolios to that index. Indexes often include diverse investors. The addition of a US green bond facilitates access to a wider pool of potential buyers and sellers, increasing trading volume. Active traders and arbitrageurs who follow index movements may capitalize on demand shifts when the bond is added to the index.
  • Enhance Reputation and Showcase Leadership. Issuers can signal sustainability commitments to their stakeholders and demonstrate leadership in decarbonizing. Green bonds can drive progress toward multiple objectives. Thousands of mayors, governors, tribal leaders, college presidents, faith leaders, health care executives, and others have pledged support for climate action
  • Enhanced Transparency. The Second Party Opinion provides an additional layer of information for investors, including how the bond-financed activities advance climate action goals and plans.

Benefits of using green and social bonds can also be seen within the organization, as the process can facilitate alignment of internal social and/or environmental directives. As part of evaluating how a bond aligns with the entity’s mission or purpose, there can be renewed focus within the organization on expanding positive impacts.

Pricing Premium

Demand for green, social, and sustainability bonds with independent, external reviews is increasing and in some cases has resulted in a pricing premium. The Climate Bonds Initiative 2023 Green Bond Pricing Report describes tighter spreads and more oversubscription on green bonds versus non-green counterparts. 

Case Study: Oberlin College

In July 2021, Oberlin College issued two series of bonds to finance a new geothermal energy system. The College was able to demonstrate (1) a clear pricing differential on a Certified Climate Bond versus a nongreen bond from the same issuer, and (2) a pricing differential on a Kestrel verified Climate Bond versus a self-certified green bond from a different issuer. Both deals were led by Tier 1 firms, with similar account coverage. After reviewing Oberlin’s non-green bond and the self-certified bond from another issuer, the anchor investor chose to only submit an order for Oberlin’s Certified Climate Bond, citing demonstrated environmental credentials verified in an external review. The anchor investor placed an order for the entire transaction and maintained the order despite a 5 basis point repricing.

Case Study: City of Boston, Massachusetts

In December 2020, the City of Boston, Massachusetts, issued a series of General Obligation Bonds (Aaa Moody’s and AAA Standard and Poor’s), which demonstrated the widest green bond pricing benefit—or “greenium”—in the US Municipal Market to date. The City’s $121,660,000 General Obligation Bonds, 2020 Series A and $23,885,000 General Obligation Bonds, 2020 Series B (Green Bonds) priced on the same day and maintained comparable structures. The Series B (Green Bonds) with an external review from Kestrel Verifiers, had a 3 basis point pricing benefit over the non-green tranche.

reporting

What reporting is required?

We encourage issuers to report meaningful metrics and make relevant information easy for investors to find. Issuers in some sectors such as healthcare or affordable housing already report on the bond-financed activities, so it is just a matter of making that information easier for investors to find.

With municipal bonds, the standard continuing disclosures and material events notices often satisfy the minimum reporting requirements. Corporate bonds should plan for a simple annual report on green or social bonds, until all proceeds are spent.

The full benefit of a green or social bond may not be realized unless an issuer plans to tell investors what was achieved. Certain investors consider the availability of impact information in making their decisions to buy.

Per the ICMA Principles

“Issuers should make, and keep, readily available up to date information on the use of proceeds to be renewed annually until full allocation, and on a timely basis in the case of material developments. This annual report should include a list of the projects to which Social [Green, or Sustainability] Bond proceeds have been allocated, as well as a brief description of the projects and the amounts allocated, and their expected impact.”

What reporting is required for Certified Climate Bonds?

For bonds certified by the Climate Bonds Standard Board, the Verifier must submit one report on the use of proceeds within 24 months of issuance. This is a “Post-Issuance Report.”

After that, issuers must report on the bonds annually with a very simple “Update Report.”

Kestrel works with issuers to ensure a manageable approach to reporting.

What is impact reporting?

Impact reporting quantifies the environmental or social impact of financed activities. Investors and stakeholders sometimes want to communicate the positive outcomes achieved through investments. Kestrel can help you identify meaningful metrics that are easy to report.

who’s choosing kestrel?

Kestrel has worked with state and local governments, non-profits and corporate entities in a wide variety of sectors across the US and Europe. We are the market leaders for Second Party Opinions in US Public Finance, but we work across the globe with diverse organizations.

Our Clients